Aaron Beck

Cognitive therapy seeks to help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. This involves helping patients develop skills for modifying beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.[1] Treatment is based on collaboration between patient and therapist and on testing beliefs. Therapy may consist of testing the assumptions which one makes and identifying how certain of one's usually-unquestioned thoughts are distorted, unrealistic and unhelpful. Once those thoughts have been challenged, one's feelings about the subject matter of those thoughts are more easily subject to change. Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" in thinking that he proposed could maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives).

Julian Rotter

Rotter suggested that the expected effect or outcome of the behavior has an impact on motivation of people to engage in that behavior. People wish to avoid negative consequences, while desiring positive results or effects. If one expects a positive outcome from a behavior, or thinks there is a high probability of a positive outcome, then they will be more likely to engage in the behavior. The behavior is reinforced, with positive outcomes, leading a person to repeat the behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by social context or environmental factors, and not psychological factors alone.

Albert Bandura

Social cognitive theory is a learning theory based on the ideas that people learn by watching what others do and that human thought processes are central to understanding personality. While social cognitists agree that there is a fair amount of influence on development generated by learned behavior displayed in the environment in which one grows up, they believe that the individual person (and therefore cognition) is just as important in determining moral development.

Martin Seligman

Learned helplessness theory means a condition of a human being or an animal in which it has learned to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding an unpleasant or harmful circumstance to which it has been subjected. Learned helplessness theory is the view that clinical depression and related mental illnesses may result from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

Lobotomist

The doctor Walter Freeman was a neurologist who was incredibly intrigued by how to cure mental diseases, and he worked in a mental institution, and back in that date, these places were highly unethical to put a living person, they were so disgusting they got to the point where they were called "snake pits". He studied the brain in the morgue of the mental institution that he worked in of the people who had mental diseases and had passed away, here he did not find anything relevant, he noticed no difference in the brains from people with mental diseases from those who were normal, and then almost giving up on his cure for mental diseases, he saw a book by the first doctor who was studying the different sections the brain was divided into, and how the "frontal lobe" controlled emotions, so he thought if a brain surgery was done to cut the connection from the frontal lobe to the rest of the brain, people who suffered from mental diseases would be "cured", but his surgery was quite expensive and risky, and un-practical, since it required to drill a hole in the brain and then cut the connection, it had a high chance of an internal hemorrhage happening and therefore the patient dying. Walter Freeman became intrigued, but was limited since he had no license to practice surgery, and so he had a surgeon partner conducting the surgeries, but he directed his every move, and after a few surgeries he searched for a more efficient and a way to "mass produce" these surgeries, and found an entrance that lead directly to the frontal lobe, which was to go through the upper part of the eye, and then he needed a sharp object he could use, and saw an ice pick at home and decided that would work. His first lobotomies were conducted with ice picks that came directly from home. His first of these surgeries was a "success" in a way, his patient had a drastic change in mood, she was happier and capable of enjoying life, but there were side effects and complications in his other surgeries, such as ending up in a vegetable state, loss of memory, a return of this mental illness that was supposed to be cured, and in drastic cases, death from a hemorrhage. The lobotomy was seen as a cure and the person responsible for the creation of it, the guy with the original idea, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine, Walter Freeman was seen as a hero until a few years later, the effect of the lobotomy was put in doubt with all the long term effects it had, and then in 1954 with the invention of a new pill, seen as a chemical lobotomy, it put Walter Freeman's lobotomy in risk and eventually terminating it, he conducted this lobotomy on only a few children, and the story seen in this video, we saw the actual child who the lobotomy was conducted in, and he seemed normal, but it was brutal what was done to him. In conclusion, for the limiting solutions to help control the disease, the lobotomy perhaps may have been a chance to live life, but it had its high possible and drastic effects.

 

Bipolar

Evan was a child  who suffered from the bipolar disorder since he was of a very young age, his symptoms could be seen since he was as young as 1 year old, with his actions and the things he said. One thing that was very intense in this video is how they showed the different expresions that Evan said and how he manifested constantly his desire to commit suicide and his fascination on death, to the point that at approximatelly the age of 6 he wrote a play that was enacted and it had as a main subject death and how the other kids would mourn for the loss of his life. Evan was highly extreme, he had incredible mood swings, when he was normal he was seen as highly carismatic and showed a lot of love, and when he was depressed, he got to the point where he showed his mom the way that he was going to commit suicide. The tragic story on the death of the poor child, was when he was taking his medicines after being diagnosed with bipolar disorder, these causing his moods to flatten out and therefor showing no emotions at all, and he was permitted to leave the medications, this causing a chaotic and tragic suicide. This video helped us comprehend how drastic and life changing having this disorder can be, and how it affected not only him, but all of the people that were related to him in any way, since they had to deal with all of the craziness and incredible mood swings and actions he did during his different phases experienced due to the bipolar disorder.

The Halo effect experiment by Solomon Asch

This experiment is a classic study in the psychology of interpersonal perception, these series of experiments were titled Forming Impressions of Personality by Solomon Asch, the principle of this research is that perceptions of a person are by the traits they posses, these perceptions are the most important factor that help our mind establish an impression on that person. The halo effect experiments conducted by Solomon Asch were many, he did various experiments but generally following the same outline, the only changing variable were the order of the words dictated to the series of participants, serie A and serie B, he used many words who were the same but they were put in the inverse order between serie a and b, in such as participants from serie A got the serie A description and serie B the B description, these descriptions were full of words who were the same in each set but put backwards, being the independent variable, then the experimentors procceded to ask the participants from series A and B for a sketch from the details provided, the sketch the participants drew is the dependent variable, since it is the one that is measured according to what the participant drew relating it to the words provided by the experimenter, the sketches showed what the experimentors were expecting to see, although the descriptions contained NO physical characteritics like "tall" only descrptions such as "intelligent", the participants responded with a positive sketch of the described person to the description with positive attributes at the beginning, and on the otherhand they responded with a negative sketch such as an ugly person to the description that contained bad attributes at the beginning, this showing how simple words that represent no physical description can make up an image about a person, and how the association of the human mind is so strong, vinculating people who are considered attractive with positive characteristics and vice versa, people not considered attractive with negative characteristics. The person described by the participants in serie A were always related to someone they knew, with a profession they had in their mind containing those characteristics, such as being "intelligent", related to a teacher, a scientist, etc. There were many parts to this experiment, alternating the words so the outcome was more precise, I would like to recreate the one where it gave the traits of "A. intelligent—skillful—industrious—determined— practical—cautious—evasive B. evasive—cautious—practical—determined—industrious—skillful—intelligent"